What Is Geographic Atrophy? Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

Geographic Atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that progressively affects central vision. Unlike wet AMD, which involves abnormal blood vessel growth, GA results in the slow deterioration of the retinal cells responsible for sharp, detailed vision. This condition can significantly impact daily activities like reading, recognizing faces, and driving. Understanding GA’s causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for early detection and management.

Causes of Geographic Atrophy

Geographic Atrophy is a degenerative disease that affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. While the exact cause isn’t fully understood, several factors contribute to its development:
 

• Aging: GA primarily affects individuals over the age of 50, with risk increasing with age.
   

• Genetics: A family history of AMD or GA increases the likelihood of developing the condition.
   

• Oxidative Stress & Inflammation: Damage from free radicals and chronic inflammation can accelerate retinal cell death.
   

• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, poor diet, and excessive sun exposure may contribute to GA’s progression.
   

• Cardiovascular Health: Conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease are linked to an increased risk of AMD and GA.

Symptoms of Geographic Atrophy

The symptoms of GA develop gradually and may not be noticeable in the early stages. However, as the condition progresses, individuals may experience:
 

• Blurry or Distorted Central Vision: Objects may appear out of focus, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks.
   

• Dark or Empty Spots in Vision: Patients often describe seeing a central blind spot or “missing” parts of what they’re looking at.
   

• Difficulty Reading in Low Light: Trouble adjusting to changes in lighting conditions, such as dim restaurants or nighttime driving.
   

• Reduced Contrast Sensitivity: Difficulty distinguishing objects from their background, particularly in low-light environments.
   

• Slow Vision Adaptation: Adjusting to sudden brightness changes takes longer than usual.

Why Regular Eye Exams Are Crucial 

Regular comprehensive eye exams are essential for detecting Geographic Atrophy (GA) early and preserving vision for as long as possible. These exams allow eye doctors to identify the earliest signs of macular degeneration before noticeable symptoms develop, monitor disease progression, and recommend appropriate lifestyle changes or treatments. Additionally, routine check-ups can help detect other vision-threatening conditions such as cataracts or glaucoma, ensuring timely intervention.

Treatment Options for Geographic Atrophy

While there is no cure for GA, recent advancements in treatment aim to slow its progression and preserve vision:
 

• FDA-Approved Therapies: In recent years, drugs like SYFOVRE® (pegcetacoplan) and IZERVAY™ (avacincaptad pegol) have been developed to slow the progression of GA by targeting the inflammatory processes involved.
   

• Nutritional Supplements: The AREDS2 formula, which includes lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, and copper, may help reduce AMD progression.
   

• Low Vision Aids: Magnifying glasses, electronic reading devices, and specialized lighting can help maximize remaining vision.
   

• Lifestyle Modifications: Maintaining a healthy diet rich in leafy greens, quitting smoking, and managing cardiovascular health can support eye health.

Schedule Your Eye Exam with Atlanta Eye Group Today

Geographic Atrophy is a progressive and serious eye condition that can significantly impact daily life, making early detection and proactive management essential. While there is currently no cure, advancements in treatment options, lifestyle modifications, and low vision aids can help slow its progression and improve quality of life. Regular comprehensive eye exams play a crucial role in monitoring changes in vision, detecting early signs of AMD, and ensuring timely access to the latest treatments.

If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms of Geographic Atrophy or are at risk for macular degeneration, schedule an eye exam with Atlanta Eye Group. Visit our offices in Atlanta, Alpharetta, or Kennesaw, Georgia, or call (772) 272-9470 to book an appointment today.